Middle East Terrorist Action

On the other hand, the " seajacking" of the cruise ship Achille Lauro by the radical Palestinian disposal of Abu Nidal in October of 1985 failed to produce any gains for the Nidal organization (Clutterback, 1987, pp. 19495). The hijackers ended up in Italian prisons, and Nidal himself was briefly held in custody, though the Italian government released him for lack of evidence. The failure of the Achille Lauro hijacking to produce results, however, seems to be the exception rather than the rule for Middle Eastern terrorist trading operations aimed at the United States in the 1980s.

In this chapter, several of these terrorist operations get out be viewed as operations of fight intend to communicate particular messages. We will depression analyse war as a determine of communication, and terrorism as a form of war, drawing on the Marine bombing and the kidnappings in Beirut as instances of terrorist operations proceeding by preferably different tactics. In the case of the Marine bombing in particular we will examine the messages communicated by the operation, and the various audiences to whom these messages were transmitted. We will then discuss the capital of Iran embassy takeover, the TWA hijacking of 1985, and (again) the Beirut guarantortakings as variations on the theme of hostagetaking, examining the factors that ramp up hostagetaking a particularly effective form of communication through terror. We will conclude wi

This ( in all probability unintended) consequence of Palestinian terrorism bringed against Israelis has by no means had a decisive impact; Israel all the same commands wide public support in the United States. Nevertheless, it has probably played a role in levelling the emotional acting field between the Israelis and the Palestinians in the eyes of the American public, and therefore contributed to an atmosphere in which recent American administrations could press for direct negotiations between Israeli and PLO representatives--a course of attain which, it is worth noting, has stipendiary off, at least in the form of an initial agreement.

The Tehran embassy hostage crisis also lies at the far end of the spectrum from genus Pan Am 103 in terms of the ease of identification of those responsible.

The "students" who were the authentic hostage-takers were highly visible throughout the crisis. Although the action caused political contestation within Iran (Sick, 1991, pp. 91ff), the Iranian government could not distance itself from the action in any credible way; it wholly lacked " credible deniability."

issues onto a political agenda, cannot do so in a positive way. The message of Moslem militancy is not unmatchable that is likely to lead in the foreseeable future to the variety show of coming together that has already happened, in a first and preliminary step, between the westward and the Palestinians and between even the Israelis and the Palestinians. If Islamic terror continues to be effective in energizing commitment within the Muslim world, and in capturing the attention of the western media and public, the issue could well be a hardening of attitudes on the Western side, as memories of caliphal and Ottoman conquests, and of the responses they once evoked in the West--the Crusades, the fight of Lepanto, the early American punitive wars against the Barbary corsairs--are evoked in the West and given a new currency by the detection of a contemporary Muslim threat.

Whatever the future developments in this a
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